The Trials, Crucifixion & Resurrection of Jesus

From Gethsemane to Glory — Gospel chronology with references

Ⅰ. Arrest & Initial Questioning

Stage	Location	Who	References	Summary
1. Arrest in Gethsemane	Garden of Gethsemane	Judas, temple guards, disciples	Matt 26:47–56; Mark 14:43–50; Luke 22:47–53; John 18:1–11	Judas betrays Jesus with a kiss; Peter strikes Malchus; Jesus heals and submits to arrest.
2. Taken to Annas	Annas' house (Jerusalem)	Annas, temple officers	John 18:12–14, 19–23	Preliminary questioning; Annas sends Jesus to Caiaphas the high priest.

Ⅱ. Jewish Trials (Religious Courts)

Stage	Court / Leader	Time	Refs	Outcome
3. Trial before Caiaphas & Sanhedrin	Caiaphas (high priest), Sanhedrin	Night	Matt 26:57–68; Mark 14:53–65; Luke 22:66–71	False witnesses; charge of blasphemy; Sanhedrin condemns Jesus.
4. Peter's Denial	Courtyard of Caiaphas	Early morning	Matt 26:69–75; Luke 22:54–62	Peter denies Jesus three times; weeps after the rooster crows.
5. Formal Council Decision	Temple Council	Dawn	Matt 27:1–2; Luke 22:66–71	Sanhedrin formally delivers Jesus to Pilate for a death sentence.

Ⅲ. Roman Trials (Civil Authorities)

Stage	Authority	Refs	Outcome
6. Before Pontius Pilate (first)	Pontius Pilate, Governor	Matt 27:11–14; John 18:28–38	Pilate questions Jesus; finds no guilt; sends Him to Herod at Jesus' request (Luke).
7. Before Herod Antipas	Herod Antipas, Tetrarch	Luke 23:6–12	Herod mocks Jesus, questions Him, then sends Him back to Pilate.
8. Final Trial before Pilate	Pontius Pilate	Matt 27:15–26; John 19:1–16	Pilate offers Barabbas; the crowd demands crucifixion; Pilate orders scourging and hands Jesus over.

Ⅳ. Crucifixion (Golgotha)

Event	Time / Details	Refs	Notes
9. Road to Golgotha	Simon of Cyrene carries the cross	Luke 23:26–32	Jesus meets weeping women (Lamentations of the city reflected).
10. The Crucifixion	~9:00 AM – 3:00 PM	Matt 27:33–44; Mark 15:22–32; Luke 23:33–43; John 19:17–27	Nailed between two criminals; soldiers cast lots for garments; Jesus prays for forgiveness.
11. The Seven Last Sayings	During crucifixion	See refs below	1. “Father, forgive them…” — Luke 23:34 2. “Today you will be with Me in Paradise.” — Luke 23:43 3. “Woman, behold your son.” — John 19:26–27 4. “My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?” — Matt 27:46; Mark 15:34 5. “I thirst.” — John 19:28 6. “It is finished.” — John 19:30 7. “Father, into Your hands I commit My spirit.” — Luke 23:46
12. Jesus’ Death	~3:00 PM	Matt 27:45–54; John 19:30	Temple veil torn; earthquake; centurion proclaims, “Truly this was the Son of God.”

Ⅴ. Burial & The Tomb

Event	Persons	Refs	Notes
13. Burial	Joseph of Arimathea, Nicodemus	Matt 27:57–61; John 19:38–42	Jesus is wrapped in linen and placed in a new tomb; women observe where He is laid.
14. Tomb sealed & guarded	Jewish leaders and Roman soldiers	Matt 27:62–66	Guards posted; seal applied to the stone to prevent body theft.

Ⅵ. Resurrection & Appearances

Event	Witnesses	Refs	Summary
15. Resurrection Morning	Mary Magdalene & other women	Matt 28:1–10; Mark 16:1–8; Luke 24:1–10; John 20:1–18	Angel announces He is risen; tomb found empty; Jesus appears to Mary Magdalene first.
16. Jesus appears to disciples	Peter, other disciples	Luke 24:36–49; John 20:19–23	Jesus shows His hands and side; breathes the Holy Spirit on them; gives peace and mission.
17. Appearance to Thomas	Thomas (the doubter)	John 20:24–29	Jesus invites Thomas to touch His wounds; Thomas declares, “My Lord and my God!”
18. Appearance at Sea of Galilee	Seven disciples	John 21:1–14	Miraculous catch of fish; Jesus restores Peter and commissions him.
19. The Great Commission	Eleven disciples	Matt 28:16–20	Jesus commissions them to make disciples of all nations.
20. Ascension	Mount of Olives; disciples & angels	Luke 24:50–53; Acts 1:9–11	Jesus ascends to heaven; angels promise His return.

Summary Insight: Jesus endured religious and civil trials, was crucified on Friday, buried before sunset, and rose on Sunday morning. The sequence above draws from all four Gospels to present a harmonized chronology. These events fulfill prophecy (Isaiah 53; Psalm 22) and form the heart of the Christian proclamation: death conquered by resurrection.

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